| Germanium | |
| Electrons per shell | 2,8,18,4 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 ![]() |
| Ground state | 3P°0 |
| Atomic Volume | 13.6 cm3 mol-1 |
| Electronegativity | 2.01 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.5 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.09 x 10-10 |
| Speed of sound | 5400 m s-1 |
Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 376.6 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 34.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 327.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 23.222 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 60.2 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 6.0 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Critcal Temperature | No data. |
| Critcal Pressure | No data. |
| Adiabatic index | No data. |
Hardness |
|
| Mohs hardness | 6.0 |
Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | No data. |
| Electrical conductivity | 1.45 x 10-8 106/cm Ω |
Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 0.6771 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 5 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 109 |
| Ionization Potential | |
| 7.899 | |
| 15.934 | |
| 34.22 | |
| Incompatibilities | Acids. |
Flammability |
|
Energy Levels |
|
| 9.88642 KeV | |
| 9.85532 KeV | |
| 10.9821 KeV | |
| 10.9759 KeV | |
| 1.188 KeV | |
| 1.188 KeV | |
| 1.2185 KeV | |
| 1.294 KeV | |
| 1.294 KeV | |
| 1.068 KeV | |
| 1.0386 KeV | |
Atomic Radii |
|
| 125 pm | |
| 125 pm | |
| 122 pm | |
| No data. | |
| 114 pm | |
| No data. | |
Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 2 | VI | 0.87 | 0.73 | A |
| 4 | IV | 0.53 | 0.39 | * |
| VI | 0.67 | 0.53 | R* | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
Oxidation States |
|
| Ge+2, Ge+4 | |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) ![]() |
|
| 762.1 | |
| 1537 | |
| 3302 | |
| 4410 | |
| 9020 | |
| 11900 | |
| 15000 | |
| 18200 | |
| 21800 | |
| 27000 | |
Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1) |
|
| 288 | |
| 237 | |
| 363 | |
| 464 | |
| 340 | |
| 163 | |
Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1644 | 1814 | 2023 | 2287 | 2633 | 3104 |
Crystal Structure |
|
| Cubic close packed | |
![]() |
a = 565.75 pm |
| b = 565.75 pm | |
| c = 565.75 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |