| Gadolinium | |
| Electrons per shell | 2,8,18,25,9,2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 ![]() |
| Ground state | 9D°2 |
| Atomic Volume | 19.9 cm3 mol-1 |
| Electronegativity | 1.2 |
| Magnetic ordering | Ferromagnetic |
| Speed of sound | 2680 m s-1 |
Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 352 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 15.5 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 301 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 37.03 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 10.6 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 9.4 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Critcal Temperature | No data. |
| Critcal Pressure | No data. |
| Adiabatic index | No data. |
Hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness | 570 MPa |
Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 37.9 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.259 |
| Shear modulus | 21.8 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 54.8 GPa |
Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 1.30 x 10-6 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | 0.00736 106/cm Ω |
Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 1.9557 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 3.1 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 46.1 |
| Ionization Potential | |
| 6.15 | |
| 12.095 | |
| 20.635 | |
Energy Levels |
|
| 42.9962 KeV | |
| 42.3089 KeV | |
| 48.697 KeV | |
| 49.8898 KeV | |
| 48.5483 KeV | |
| 6.0572 KeV | |
| 6.025 KeV | |
| 6.7132 KeV | |
| 7.1028 KeV | |
| 6.8299 KeV | |
| 6.6857 KeV | |
| 7.7858 KeV | |
| 8.0738 KeV | |
| 6.048 KeV | |
| 5.3627 KeV | |
Atomic Radii |
|
| 180 pm | |
| 233 pm | |
| 196 pm | |
| No data. | |
| 132 pm | |
| 180.4 pm | |
Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 3 | VI | 1.078 | 0.938 | R |
| VII | 1.14 | 1 | ||
| VIII | 1.193 | 1.053 | R | |
| IX | 1.247 | 1.107 | RC | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
Oxidation States |
|
| Gd+2, Gd+3 | |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) ![]() |
|
| 592.5 | |
| 1167 | |
| 1990 | |
| 4250 | |
Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1836 | 2028 | 2267 | 2573 | 2976 | 3535 |
Crystal Structure |
|
| Hexagonal close packed | |
![]() |
a = 363.6 pm |
| b = 363.6 pm | |
| c = 578.26 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 120° | |