| Copper | |
| Electrons per shell | 2,8,18,1 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s1 ![]() |
| Ground state | 2S1/2 |
| Atomic Volume | 7.1 cm3 mol-1 |
| Electronegativity | 1.90 |
| Magnetic ordering | Diamagnetic |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.08 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -6.86 x 10-11 |
| Speed of sound | 3810 m s-1 |
Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 338.9 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 13.0 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 306.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 24.440 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 401 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 16.5 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Critcal Temperature | No data. |
| Critcal Pressure | No data. |
| Adiabatic index | No data. |
Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 874 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 3.0 |
| Vickers hardness | 369 MPa |
Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 140 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.34 |
| Shear modulus | 48 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 130 GPa |
Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 1.7 x 10-8 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | 0.596 106/cm Ω |
Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 1.1855 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.65 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 34 |
| Ionization Potential | |
| 7.726 | |
| 20.292 | |
| 36.83 | |
| Incompatibilities | Oxidizers, alkalis, sodium azide (NaN3), acetylene (C2H2). |
Flammability |
|
Energy Levels |
|
| 8.04778 KeV | |
| 8.02783 KeV | |
| 8.90529 KeV | |
| 0.9297 KeV | |
| 0.9297 KeV | |
| 0.9498 KeV | |
| 1.023 KeV | |
| 1.023 KeV | |
| 0.832 KeV | |
| 0.8121 KeV | |
Atomic Radii |
|
| 135 pm | |
| 145 pm | |
| 138 pm | |
| 140 pm | |
| 120 pm | |
| 128 pm | |
Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 1 | II | 0.6 | 0.46 | |
| IV | 0.74 | 0.6 | R | |
| VI | 0.91 | 0.77 | R | |
| 2 | IV | 0.71 | 0.57 | |
| IVSQ | 0.71 | 0.57 | * | |
| V | 0.79 | 0.65 | * | |
| VI | 0.87 | 0.73 | ||
| 3 | VI (Low spin) | 0.68 | 0.54 | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
Oxidation States |
|
| Cu+2 | |
| Cu-1, Cu0, Cu+1, Cu+3, Cu+4 | |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) ![]() |
|
| 745.4 | |
| 1958 | |
| 3554 | |
| 5326 | |
| 7709 | |
| 9940 | |
| 13400 | |
| 16000 | |
| 19200 | |
| 22400 | |
Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1509 | 1661 | 1850 | 2089 | 2404 | 2836 |
Crystal Structure |
|
| Cubic close packed | |
![]() |
a = 361.49 pm |
| b = 361.49 pm | |
| c = 361.49 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |