| Thulium | |
| Electrons per shell | 2,8,18,31,8,2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f13 6s2 ![]() |
| Ground state | 2F°7/2 |
| Atomic Volume | 18.1 cm3 mol-1 |
| Electronegativity | 1.25 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.99 x 10-6 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | 3.36179 x 10-7 |
Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 247 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 18.4 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 247 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 27.03 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 16.9 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 13.3 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Critcal Temperature | No data. |
| Critcal Pressure | No data. |
| Adiabatic index | No data. |
Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 471 MPa |
| Vickers hardness | 520 MPa |
Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 44.5 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.213 |
| Shear modulus | 30.5 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 74.0 GPa |
Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 7.0 x 10-7 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | 0.015 106/cm Ω |
Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 2.101 g Ah-1 |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 49.7 |
| Ionization Potential | |
| 6.184 | |
| 12.054 | |
| 26.367 | |
Energy Levels |
|
| 50.7416 KeV | |
| 49.7726 KeV | |
| 57.517 KeV | |
| 58.7551 KeV | |
| 57.3519 KeV | |
| 7.1799 KeV | |
| 7.1331 KeV | |
| 8.101 KeV | |
| 8.468 KeV | |
| 8.232 KeV | |
| 8.0239 KeV | |
| 9.426 KeV | |
| 9.7366 KeV | |
| 7.307 KeV | |
| 6.3389 KeV | |
Atomic Radii |
|
| 175 pm | |
| 222 pm | |
| No data. | |
| No data. | |
| No data. | |
| 175.9 pm | |
Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 2 | VI | 1.17 | 1.03 | |
| VII | 1.23 | 1.09 | ||
| 3 | VI | 1.02 | 0.88 | R |
| VIII | 1.134 | 0.994 | R | |
| IX | 1.192 | 1.052 | R | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
Oxidation States |
|
| Tm+3 | |
| Tm+2 | |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) ![]() |
|
| 596.7 | |
| 1163 | |
| 2285 | |
| 4119 | |
Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1117 | 1235 | 1381 | 1570 | (1821) | (2217) |
Crystal Structure |
|
| Hexagonal close packed | |
![]() |
a = 353.75 pm |
| b = 353.75 pm | |
| c = 555.46 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 120° | |