| Ruthenium | |
| Electrons per shell | 2,8,18,15,1 |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 ![]() |
| Ground state | 5F5 |
| Atomic Volume | 8.3 cm3 mol-1 |
| Electronegativity | 2.2 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | 5.4 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | 5.46 x 10-10 |
| Speed of sound | 5970 m s-1 |
Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 603 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 23.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 567 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 24.06 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 117 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 6.4 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Critcal Temperature | No data. |
| Critcal Pressure | No data. |
| Adiabatic index | No data. |
Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 2160 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 6.5 |
Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 220 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.30 |
| Shear modulus | 173 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 447 GPa |
Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 7.1 x 10-8 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | 0.137 106/cm Ω |
Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 1.257 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.71 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 64 |
| Ionization Potential | |
| 7.37 | |
| 16.76 | |
| 28.47 | |
Energy Levels |
|
| 19.2792 KeV | |
| 19.1504 KeV | |
| 21.6568 KeV | |
| 22.0704 KeV | |
| 21.631 KeV | |
| 2.55855 KeV | |
| 2.55431 KeV | |
| 2.68323 KeV | |
| 2.836 KeV | |
| 2.762 KeV | |
| 2.741 KeV | |
| 2.9645 KeV | |
| 2.382 KeV | |
| 2.2496 KeV | |
Atomic Radii |
|
| 130 pm | |
| 178 pm | |
| 126 pm | |
| No data. | |
| 103 pm | |
| 134 pm | |
Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 3 | VI | 0.82 | 0.68 | |
| 4 | VI | 0.76 | 0.62 | RM |
| 5 | VI | 0.705 | 0.565 | ER |
| 7 | IV | 0.52 | 0.38 | |
| 8 | IV | 0.5 | 0.36 | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
Oxidation States |
|
| Ru+3 | |
| Ru-2, Ru0, Ru+1, Ru+2, Ru+4, Ru+5, Ru+6, Ru+7, Ru+8 | |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) ![]() |
|
| 711 | |
| 1617 | |
| 2747 | |
| 4500 | |
| 6100 | |
| 7800 | |
| 9600 | |
| 11500 | |
| 18700 | |
| 20900 | |
Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 2588 | 2811 | 3087 | 3424 | 3845 | 4388 |
Crystal Structure |
|
| Hexagonal close packed | |
![]() |
a = 270.59 pm |
| b = 270.59 pm | |
| c = 428.15 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 120° | |